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#82298
Hogyan mértek be a méteres szovjet radarok helyzetét a 60-as években; Operation Brigand
Az elektronikai felderítés gépeinek képességeiről úgyis csak ritkán lehet olvasni...
Brigand worked only against a surveillance radar whose antenna rotated through the full 360-degree scan pattern. The principle of operation was as follows. When a radar’s high powered transmissions struck an object a plane, a ship or a hillside only a minute proportion of the energy returns to the radar. However, the radar energy reflected from those objects travels out in several other directions. A suitably sensitive receiver, aboard a plane more than two hundred miles from the radar, could pick up that reflected energy. By running a rotating timebase in synchronism with the victim radar’s scanner plus a little electronic trickery, the victim radar’s picture could be recreated on the Brigand screen.
In use, Brigand did not give continual tracking on small objects such as aircraft. However the device functioned well when the radar looked at topographical features such as hillsides or coastlines, or large objects such as warships.
The ability to reproduce the victim radar’s ground clutter pattern proved extremely useful. Exploiting this feature, Brigand could determine the position of a ground radar with far greater accuracy than was possible using normal direction-finding and triangulation methods. That was particularly so in the case of the low frequency radars favored by the Soviets. Also Brigand performed the task a lot quicker. The operator had only to tune the equipment to the victim radar’s frequency and perform a few adjustments, then take a long exposure photograph of the Brigand screen during one full timebase rotation about 10 seconds. Then, if required, the operator could return the equipment to another radar and repeat the process. The operation could take place up to 250 miles from the victim radars, without the plane having to radiate or fly any special pattern that might betray its mission.
The full method of operation of Brigand was a follows. First, the operator tuned the equipment to the victim radar. Then, he rotated a medium beamwidth APA-69 direction finding antenna until it pointed at the radar. The APA-69’s output was fed directly into the high sensitivity receiver. Next, the operator set the victim radar’s rotation rate on an electronic antenna simulator, and used this to synchronize the PPI scope of the plane’s APS-20 radar with the rotation of the victim radar’s scanner. With the output from the high sensitivity receiver applied to the APS-20 scope the latter now displayed the victim radar’s echo signals. The resultant scope picture carried major range distortions. However, by using a specially developed computer program on an IBM computer, those distortion curves could be corrected mathematically on the ground.
As has been said, Brigand worked only against a surveillance radar whose antenna rotated through the full 360-degree scan pattern. The system did not work with radars that operated in the sector-scanning mode. That ruled out airborne intercept radars, nodding height-finders and most types of missile and gun control radar.
By mid-1964, Brigand was fully operational aboard the Navy EC-121 planes of VQ-1 operating over the Pacific, and VQ-2 operating over the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. At that time an extensive program was in progress, using Brigand to re-fix the position of every observable surveillance radar throughout the territory of the Soviet Union and her allies...