9 Infrared Threats and Countermeasures
9.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
9.2 IR Propagation
9.2.1 Propagation Loss
9.2.2 Atmospheric Attenuation
9.3 Black-Body Theory
9.4 Infrared-Guided Missiles
9.4.1 IR Missile Components
9.4.2 IR Seeker
9.4.3 Reticles
9.4.4 IR Sensors
9.5 Additional Tracking Reticles
9.5.1 Wagon Wheel Reticle
9.5.2 Multiple Frequency Reticle
9.5.3 Curved Spoke Reticle
9.5.4 Rosette Tracker
9.5.5 Crossed Linear Array Tracker
9.5.6 Imaging Tracker
9.6 IR Sensors
9.6.1 Aircraft Temperature Characteristics
9.7 Atmospheric Windows
9.8 Sensor Materials
9.9 One-Color Versus Two-Color Sensors
9.10 Flares
9.10.1 Seduction
9.10.2 Distraction
9.10.3 Dilution
9.10.4 Timing Issues
9.10.5 Spectrum and Temperature Issues
9.10.6 Temperature-Sensing Trackers
9.10.7 Rise Time-Related Defense
9.10.8 Geometric Defenses
9.10.9 Operational Safety Issues for Flares
9.10.10 Flare Cocktails
9.11 Imaging Trackers
9.11.1 Imaging Tracker Engagement
9.11.2 Acquisition
9.11.3 Mid-Course
9.11.4 End Game
9.12 IR Jammers
9.12.1 Hot-Brick Jammers
9.12.2 Effect of Jammer on Tracker
9.12.3 Laser Jammers
9.12.4 Laser Jammer Operational Issues
9.12.5 Jamming Waveforms